Hiking from Bologna to Florence: the Via degli Dei
A walk from Bologna to Florence, from Piazza Maggiore in Bologna to Piazza della Signoria in Florence. Two beautiful, bustling, and very different cities, separated by the enchanting Apennines. During this challenging walking tour, you’ll explore the region at a leisurely pace. You can walk this route on your own and make your own arrangements.
Below, we also describe how you can organize your trip. Whether you choose to travel independently or with luggage transport, GPX routes, and hotel stays included—the choice is yours.
Highlights of the Hiking Trail from Bologna to Florence
Take a stroll through Bologna and Florence
Trails through centuries-old beech and chestnut forests
The Stone Towers of Monte Adone
Montesenario, a Tuscan monastery
Fiesole and the Archaeological Site
Sample local specialties from Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna
This historic route along the Path of the Gods, also known as the Via degli Dei, runs alongside the Via Flaminia Militare, the ancient Roman road connecting the regions of Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. The Roman road was built around 187 B.C. A section of the Roman pavement is still visible near Monte Bastione.
Even earlier, the route was used by the Etruscans to cross the Apennines as part of their trade route. The route gets its name from the gods you encounter along the way: Monte Adone (the Greek god Adonis), Monte Venere (Venus), Monte Giove (Jupiter), and Monte Lunario (Lua).
It is a hiking trail to a forgotten world: small villages, “sacred” mountains, and deserted passes in the Apennines, along with valleys, rivers, plains, and ridges, allow you to relive life as it once was, in a time without haste.
We have divided this centuries-old route into 6 evenly spaced stages. Of course, you can adjust this to suit your preferences. It’s a fairly challenging hiking trip that includes mountainous terrain. You’ll hike through two regions: Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany. The route described below is an 8-day trip that you can do on your own.
Day 1: Walking Tour of Bologna
Bologna, the vibrant capital of Emilia-Romagna, a university city beloved by legendary Italian songwriters such as Francesco Guccini and Lucio Dalla. Explore Bologna on foot. There’s plenty to see in the historic city center, including the remarkable Basilica of San Petronio, the Sala Borsa, Piazza Santo Stefano, and the Torre degli Asinelli.
Overnight stay in Bologna.
Day 2: Hike from Bologna to Sasso Marconi
21 km, +400 m, -400 m
The walk along the Via degli Dei begins at the iconic statue of Neptune in Piazza del Nettuno and continues through the world’s longest portico, that of San Luca. After a stop at the sanctuary of the same name—a pilgrimage site for the people of Bologna—you’ll enter the Parco della Chiusa and follow the course of the Reno River through meadows, vegetable gardens, and forests. You’ll reach and pass through the surprising oasis of San Gherardo, a true natural paradise just a stone’s throw from the city. The first stage along the Via degli Dei ends in the small village of Sasso Marconi, which took its current name in honor of Nobel Prize winner Guglielmo Marconi.
Overnight stay in Sasso Marconi.
Day 3: Hike from Sasso Marconi to Monzuno
17 km, +620 m, -380 m
Today’s stage begins in the Contrafforte Pliocenico Nature Reserve. If you’re on an organized tour, you’ll be taken here by a short private transfer. Immerse yourself in the Contrafforte Pliocenico Nature Reserve, which was formed on a majestic rocky outcrop that bears witness to a prehistoric tidal wave.
If you follow the trails in the reserve, you’ll soon find yourself heading uphill toward Monte Adone. From the top of the mountain, you’ll see the stunning panoramic view of the Via degli Dei trail leading toward Florence.
Today’s stage along the Via degli Dei ends in Monzuno, where you can visit the Nino Bertocchi–Lea Colliva Art Gallery, a small, unique museum in this little village dedicated to these two important painters. Overnight stay in Monzuno.
Day 4: Hike from Monzuno to Bruscoli
20 km, +840 m, -560 m
The walk along the Path of the Gods continues through the village of Le Croci, once a border point between the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Papal States. You’ll then continue on to the village of Madonna dei Fornelli, which grew up around the Sanctuary of the Madonna della Neve.
You’ll follow the ridge of the Apennines and pass through vast beech forests that preserve the basalt of the ancient Via Flaminia Militare. This beautiful route leads you to Bruscoli, where you’ll spend the night.
Day 5: Hike from Bruscoli to San Piero a Sieve
30 km, +590 m, -1,290 m (or 21 km, +530 m, -1,100 m)
Today, a beautiful hike in the mountains takes you along picturesque forest trails. After the initial ups and downs, the Via degli Dei reaches Passo della Futa: here, on a hill, lies the solemn German military cemetery, where German soldiers who fell along the Gothic Line are buried.
After the legendary Passo dell’Osteria Bruciata, you’ll descend quickly to Sant’Agata, which has a bar and a supermarket, as well as the option to continue by bus.
Overnight stay in San Piero a Sieve.
Day 6: Hike from San Piero a Sieve to Vetta le Croci
20 km, +820 m, -600 m
Today’s leg of the hike along the Via degli Dei is almost entirely unpaved.
The route takes you to the Florence basin, through beautiful chestnut, hazelnut, and oak forests, juniper bushes, and wide clearings and fields planted with olive trees.
After a few kilometers, you’ll pass through the village of Trebbio, home to the castle of the same name, surrounded by majestic cypress trees: Lorenzo the Magnificent loved to spend time here while hunting.
The final climb to the Monte Senario monastery marks your departure from the Mugello Basin for good. This is the most important monastery in Tuscany and is definitely worth a visit. Afterward, you’ll descend toward Vetta delle Croci and then on to Olmo.
Overnight stay in Olmo.
Day 7: Hike from Vetta delle Croci to Fiesole/Florence
17 km, +290 m, -670 m (or 10 km, +280 m, -430 m)
The final leg of the Path of the Gods brings you back to civilization, leading you to the entrance of beautiful but bustling Florence.
The first part of today’s journey offers the last unforgettable glimpses of the Apennines as they descend toward Fiesole.
In beautiful Fiesole, a natural balcony overlooking Florence, you can visit the well-preserved archaeological site featuring Roman baths and an amphitheater, bordered by the oldest Etruscan walls. From Fiesole, the route descends toward Florence, which you can reach with a short bus transfer.
Overnight stay in Florence.
Day 8: Florence
Today marks the end of the “Path of the Gods” hike! Enjoy Florence and all its Renaissance splendor—if you still have the energy to walk…
Path of the Gods on the map
Who can hike the Path of the Gods?
The route is suitable for experienced hikers in good physical condition. The daily distances are considerable, and there are quite a few elevation changes. The route follows mainly unpaved trails. In many places, the forest provides shelter from the heat of the sun. Comfortable hiking boots, a hat, plenty of water, sunscreen, and a rain jacket are recommended. The average daily distance is between 17 and 30 km, with a hiking time of 5 to 8 hours. Two of the six stages can be shortened by using public transportation.
Of course, you can simply arrange the routes and accommodations on your own and, if you wish, change your accommodations from those described above. Check out other hiking trips here.
Practical Tips for the “Path of the Gods” Hike from Bologna to Florence
You can take the train to Bologna in about 15 hours; you can buy tickets here: NSInternational.nl. By car, you can easily reach Bologna via Milan. You can also fly to Bologna from Amsterdam with KLM and from Eindhoven with Transavia.
From Florence, you can take the train to Amsterdam in about 15 hours. You’ll fly from Florence to Amsterdam on KLM.
From Florence, you can easily return to Bologna Airport by taking the Appennino Shuttle Bus, the Flixbus, or the train.
If you book this trip using the form below, we’ll receive a small commission. The price for you remains the same.
Organized hike along the Path of the Gods between Bologna and Florence
Would you like to hike this route but leave the planning to someone else? If so, you can also take an organized tour. In that case, you’ll just need to book your own trip to Bologna and back from Florence (or Pisa).
Prices per person based on double occupancy
March 20–April 30 and October 1–November 10: €840 per person; May 1–September 30: €885
The following is included:
7 nights in charming B&Bs or 3-star hotels with breakfast included in a double room (In San Pietro a Sieve, not all accommodations have private bathrooms).
Luggage transport from hotel to hotel
Travel app with routes and information
Hiking Map of the Path of the Gods
Pilgrim’s Certificate
Private transfer from Sasso Marconi to Badolo
Daytime telephone assistance
The route is available from March 20 to November 10
Surcharge for one person: €270; and €250–€265 for a single room
You can book a transfer from Bologna Airport to Bologna and from Florence Airport to Florence, if desired. Of course, you can also arrange this on your own.
Offerte aanvragen Wandel het Pad van de Goden van Bologna naar Florence
Als je een offerte aanvraagt, sturen we deze door naar de lokale partner en bevestigen zij direct aan jou indien akkoord. Je betaalt dezelfde prijs als wanneer je direct reserveert. Verdere afhandeling van de reservering en betaling regel je met de lokale leverancier (met wie wij goed contact en afspraken hebben). Wij blijven altijd beschikbaar voor mogelijke vragen.
Met een passie voor reizen en fotografie én meer dan 30 jaar ervaring in de reisbranche, deel ik graag mijn bijzondere natuur-reistips. Reizen is heerlijk en belangrijk, je ontmoet nieuwe mensen en culturen en het opent je blik op de wereld.
Nature in Central Sweden: Waterfalls, Viewpoints, and Bears Around Ytterhogdal If you drive north on the E45, you’ll pass through Ytterhogdal. Most people just drive right through here. That’s understandable—Lapland beckons. But not far from the geographic center of...
Hiking in Arouca: The Most Spectacular Hiking Trails in Portugal's Lush North 516 meters long, 175 meters above a raging river, and no turning back halfway across. That’s the Arouca 516 suspension bridge, the icon of the Arouca UNESCO Global Geopark. This geopark is...
Last September, we had a wonderful six-day hiking vacation from Bologna to Florence (Via Degli Dei). Not only was the weather perfect, but the organization also contributed to this wonderful experience. The hotels were good, and our luggage was always delivered to the hotel before we arrived. The private transfer was on time, and communication via WhatsApp during our hiking week went smoothly as well; responses were quick and clear. We can therefore definitely recommend this hiking vacation through Nature Travel Lab!
Rated 5 out of 5
We hebben afgelopen september een heerlijke wandelvakantie (zes dagen) gehad van Bologna naar Florence (Via Degli Dei). Niet alleen werkte het weer mee, maar ook de organisatie droeg bij aan deze fijne ervaring. De hotels waren goed en onze bagage werd steeds vóór onze aankomst bij het hotel afgeleverd. De privétransfer was op tijd en het contact via WhatsApp tijdens onze wandelweek verliep ook goed; er werd snel en duidelijk gereageerd. Wij kunnen deze wandelvakantie via Nature Travel Lab dan ook zeker aanbevelen!
Johan en Pauline
After reading the report on the “Alpenüberquerung,” we got really excited. The combination of hiking through beautiful nature and the luxury of luggage transport and a reserved hotel perfectly meets our desire to stay active but then be able to enjoy a well-deserved drink and a delicious meal. The hikes were manageable for us and very varied; some basic fitness is required, especially since we aren’t used to the elevation gain. The trip really gives you the feeling that you’re on a hiking expedition, especially since you hike on your own but meet the same fellow hikers in the afternoons and evenings at one of the mountain huts or at the hotel. Highly recommended for hikers who love unspoiled nature combined with the luxury of a hotel!
Rated 5 out of 5
Na het lezen van het verslag van de 'Alpenüberquerung' zijn we enthousiast geraakt. De combinatie van wandelen in de prachtige natuur en de luxe van het bagagetransport en een gereserveerd hotel, beantwoord helemaal aan onze wensen om actief bezig te zijn maar daarna lekker te kunnen genieten van een welverdiend drankje en een lekkere maaltijd. De wandelingen waren voor ons goed te doen en zeer gevarieerd; enige basisconditie is wel vereist, zeker omdat we de hoogtemeters niet gewend zijn. De tocht geeft je echt het gevoel dat je op een wandel-expeditie bent, helemaal omdat je individueel loopt maar 's middags en 's avonds dezelfde lopers treft in één van de hutjes op de berg of in het hotel. Absolute aanrader voor wandelaars die van ongerepte natuur houden gecombineerd met de luxe van een hotel!
Ton & Julia
Peloponnese Hiking Tour
Rated 5 out of 5
Wandelreis Peloponnesos
Mar en Co
A really beautiful six-day hike from Bologna to Florence. Communication with NatureTravelLab and the local agent was excellent. The information packet was waiting for us at the hotel in Bologna, and the app with the route worked great. Luggage transport was well organized every day, and our bags were waiting for us each time we arrived at our new room! We covered more than 1,400 meters of elevation gain, but unfortunately didn’t always get the views we’d hoped for due to cloud cover and some drizzle. Most days had great hiking weather. It was wonderful to walk into Florence on foot and stay there an extra day.
Rated 5 out of 5
Een hele mooie zesdaagse hike van Bologna naar Florence. Communicatie met NatureTravelLab en lokale agent was prima. Infopakket lag klaar in hotel in Bologna en app met route werkte top. Bagagevervoer was elke dag goed geregeld en de tassen stonden er elke dag weer als we aankwamen in onze nieuwe kamer! Meer dan 1.400 hoogtemeters gemaakt, maar hadden helaas niet altijd de gewenste uitzichten door bewolking met wat motregen. Meeste dagen prima wandelweer. Heerlijk om per voet Florence in te lopen en daar nog een dag extra gebleven
Jeroen
We experienced the Walk of the Gods as a great adventure. Our start in Bologna didn’t go quite as planned because our app wasn’t working yet and we couldn’t find a single sign for Via degli Dei in the square. Fortunately, we were quickly able to join two young hikers from Florence who were also doing the hike. After a wonderful night’s stay at the beautiful Rio Verde agritourism farm, Day 2 went much better with the help of the hiking app. Along the way, we enjoyed stunning views, met some great fellow hikers, and sampled delicious local dishes. Unfortunately, the weather wasn’t always on our side, and we had a day of heavy rain, which made the trail very slippery and required us to be careful. It’s a real treat when, on the last day, you can already see Florence in the distance and walk into this beautiful city a few hours later. Thank you so much for your quick and friendly responses to all our questions.
Rated 5 out of 5
We hebben de tocht der Goden als een groot avontuur ervaren. Onze start in Bologna verliep niet helemaal naar wens omdat onze app nog niet werkte en we op het plein geen enkel bordje konden vinden van Via degli Dei Gelukkig konden we snel aansluiten bij twee jonge wandelaars uit Florence die de tocht ook liepen. Na een heerlijke overnachting in een prachtige Agri toerisme Rio Verde verliep dag 2 een stuk beter met behulp van de wandel app. Onderweg hebben we genoten van prachtige uitzichten. Leuke wandelaars ontmoet en heerlijke streek gerechten geproefd. Helaas waren de weer goden ons niet altijd goed gezind en hadden we een dag volop regen waardoor het pad erg glibberig werd en het oppassen was. Het is volop genieten als je de laatste dag al van veraf Florence ziet liggen en deze mooie stad een paar uur later binnen loopt. Dank je wel voor jullie snelle vriendelijke reacties op al onze vragen.
Rob en Jose
We enjoyed the trip. We also made some changes to our itinerary, and the email correspondence went very smoothly. We started in Mantera; the next day, our first and only hike was a really beautiful one. The taxi picked us up right on time. Unfortunately, the second day’s route was almost the same when we cycled to Ostuni. The bikes were well-maintained, including panniers and helmets (these were simply included). You could even bring your own water bottle!!! We found the route very scenic and varied. There were charming little villages where we could stop for lunch or coffee. The app worked great. All the hotels ranged from good to excellent, though we didn’t think the hotel in Leuca was worthy of 4 stars. We followed your advice for the two nights we stayed there. We found Leuca a bit underwhelming for a two-day stay. We would have preferred to stay in Gallipoli or Lecce for two days. We took this trip in April and were very lucky with the weather. It’s still a quiet time of year, but we didn’t mind that. We definitely recommend it!!!
Rated 5 out of 5
We hebben de reis als prettig ervaren. We hebben ook onze reis aangepast en de mails gingen erg vlot. We zijn in Mantera begonnen, de volgende dag onze 1e en enige wandeling was een hele mooie wandeling. Werden netjes opgehaald door de taxi. Helaas was de 2e dag bijna de zelfde route toen we gingen fietsen naar Ostuni. De fietsen waren keurig verzorgd incl.fietstassen en helmen ( Dit zat er gewoon bij) Je zou zelf een bidon kunnen meenemen !!! De route vonden wij heel mooi en afwisselend. Leuke dorpjes om te lunchen of koffie te drinken. Gaat prima met de app. Alle hotels zijn prima tot uitstekend, echter het hotel in Leuca vonden wij geen 4 * waardig. Waar we 2 nachten verbleven zijn we vanuit jullie advies gegaan. We vonden in Leuca iets minder voor 2 dagen. We hadden liever in Gallipoli of in Lecce 2 dagen verbleven. Wij hebben deze reis in april gedaan, hadden veel geluk met weer. Is nog rustig periode, maar dat vonden wij niet erg. Het is zeker een aanrader !!!
Rondreis door Puglia
Thanks to a great tip from Nature Travel Lab, we had a wonderful week in Italy. Fattoria di Maiano, just outside Florence, was a beautiful and peaceful place. And the suggested road trips were a great guide for exploring the region. We’ll definitely check here for tips for our next vacation, too. Highly recommended!
Rated 5 out of 5
Dankzij een gouden tip van Nature Travel Lab een heerlijke week gehad in Italië. Fattoria di Maiano net buiten Florence was een prachtige en rustige plek. En de voorgestelde autoritten waren een heel mooi handboek om de regio te verkennen. Ook voor de volgende vakantie zullen we hier checken voor tips. Zeker een aanrader!
Tara en Roy
We spent a divine week in Italy: we walked the Path of the Gods, from Bologna to Florence—about 135 km spread over 6 days of hiking. Challenging distances and climbs, amazing views, nature, and a warm welcome every time we arrived at the agriturismo or albergo/hotel. All of this was perfectly organized by the Italian company Slow Active Tours, entirely in line with Nature Travel Lab’s itinerary proposal: upon arrival in Bologna, an information packet was waiting for us, complete with a hiking map, a booklet, and passports for the stamps. And the hiking app was very practical for along the way! Our luggage was transported every day and was always waiting for us when we arrived at the next location. Communication was smooth and clear. In short, highly recommended, well worth it, and well-organized.
Rated 5 out of 5
Wij hebben een goddelijke week in Italie doorgebracht: de Godenweg gelopen, van Bologna naar Florence, zo’n 135km verdeeld over 6 wandeldagen. Pittige afstanden en stijgingen, geweldige uitzichten, natuur en steeds weer een gastvrij onthaal bij aankomst in de agriturismo, of albergo/hotel. Dit alles was perfect georganiseerd door het Italiaanse Slow Active Tours, geheel volgens reisvoorstel van Nature Travel Lab: bij aankomst in Bologna lag er een infopakket klaar, met wandelkaart, boekje en paspoorten voor de stempels. En de wandelapp was zeer praktisch voor onderweg! De bagage werd elke dag vervoerd, en was steeds ter plekke als wij aankwamen op de volgende locatie. De communicatie verliep vlot en duidelijk. Kortom, aanrader, zeer de moeite waard en goed georganiseerd.
Roos & Marc
In September, I walked the Cammino Materano. Communicating with Madelon about the booking was a pleasure. To be honest, I was quite nervous because it was my first time doing a multi-day hike—alone and in a region I wasn’t familiar with—but I thoroughly enjoyed it. The hike to Matera was beautiful, and I was able to complete it without any trouble thanks to the clear on-site signage and the routing and advice provided by the GPS app. The rest of the organization was top-notch as well. My luggage always arrived on time at the right destination, and the hotels and B&Bs were of high quality. In addition, the organizers were easy to reach via WhatsApp if I had any questions. Highly recommended!
Rated 5 out of 5
In september heb ik de Cammino Materano gelopen. Het contact met Madelon voor de boeking was plezierig. Eerlijk gezegd vond ik best spannend, omdat het de eerste keer was dat ik een meerdaagse wandeling deed, alleen en in een voor mij onbekende regio, maar het is mij uitstekend bevallen. De wandeling naar Matera was prachtig en heb ik probleemloos kunnen lopen dankzij de heldere bewegwijzering ter plekke en routing en adviezen in de gps app. De overige organisatie was ook top. Mijn bagage was altijd op tijd op de juiste bestemming en de hotels/benb's waren van hoge kwaliteit. Daarnaast was de organisatie goed bereikbaar via whatsapp in geval van vragen. Dikke aanrader!
Barbara
Slovenia was absolutely amazing. A beautiful country, friendly people, lovely hiking trails, and truly top-notch hotels. The staff at the local organization were also very easy to reach and helpful. The hiking was manageable. As Dutch people, we’re not used to high altitudes, of course, so it was pretty tough at times. But it was also a lot of fun.
Rated 5 out of 5
Slovenie was helemaal geweldig. Mooi land, leuke mensen, mooi wandelroutes en echt top hotels. Ook waren de mensen van de lokale organisatie echt goed bereikbaar en behulpzaam. Lopen was goed te doen. Wij zijn als Nederlanders natuurlijk geen hoogtes gewend, dus dat was soms best pittig. Maar ook lekker.
Charlotte
We had a wonderful trip. Everything was well organized. Due to an unfortunate fall, I ended up traveling with my luggage for a day, but that was handled well, too. We really liked all the accommodations. Only the Hotel Hebe in St. Piero a Sieve was a little less impressive, but it was still okay.
Rated 4.8 out of 5
Wij hadden een fijne reis. Alles prima geregeld. Ik ben -door een ongelukkige val- een dag meegereisd met mijn bagage, ook dat werd goed geregeld. We vonden alle accommodaties heel fijn. Alleen hotel Hebe in st Piero a Sieve iets minder, maar wel oke.
Carla
Looks fantastic! I'm definitely going to book a trip with this company... they're committed to sustainability and personalized advice. Definitely worth it.
Rated 5 out of 5
Ziet er fantastisch uit! Ik ga zeker een reis bij deze organisatie boeken...ze staan voor duurzaamheid en persoonlijk advies. zeker de moeite waard.
Belinda
Madelon and her team are true experts. Thanks to their years of experience and passion for travel, they manage to surprise us time and time again.
Beautiful hikes, the most picturesque spots—it’s a real treat.
I highly recommend them!
Rated 5 out of 5
Madelon en haar team zijn echte experts. Door hun jarenlange ervaring en passie voor reizen weten ze ons iedere keer weer te verrassen.
Prachtige wandelingen, de mooiste plekjes en daardoor echt genieten.
Zeer zeker een aanrader!
Richard
Nature Travel Lab provided us with very helpful and honest assistance!
Rated 5 out of 5
We zijn heel adequaat en eerlijk geholpen door Nature Travel Lab!
Peter
If you’re looking for travel itineraries, the most beautiful hikes, and destinations, you can find it all here. You’ll find endless inspiration for your next trip. Beautiful cities are interspersed with nature. You’ll find everything you need to know about practical matters. Plus, there are plenty of tips for sustainable travel. That way, you’ll get the most out of your trip.
Rated 5 out of 5
Ben je op zoek naar reisroutes, de mooiste wandelingen en bestemmingen, dan kun je het hier allemaal vinden. Je vindt oneindig veel inspiratie voor een volgende reis. Mooie steden worden afgewisseld met natuur. Je leest alles over praktische zaken. Daarnaast worden er veel tips gegeven om duurzaam te reizen. Zo haal je alles uit je reis.
Marijke
45
Laat je inspireren
Ben je op zoek naar de mooiste wandel- en fietsroutes? Of wil je informatie over reizen met de trein of advies voor de mooiste roadtrips door de natuur. Laat je inspireren voor je volgende reis in het groen; ideeën om je eigen reis te plannen of te kiezen voor een georganiseerde reis.
Om je de beste gebruikerservaring te bieden, gebruikt deze website cookies. Door toestemming te geven ga je hiermee akkoord.
Functional
Altijd actief
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Voorkeuren
De technische opslag of toegang is noodzakelijk voor het legitieme doel voorkeuren op te slaan die niet door de abonnee of gebruiker zijn aangevraagd.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.De technische opslag of toegang die uitsluitend wordt gebruikt voor anonieme statistische doeleinden. Zonder dagvaarding, vrijwillige naleving door je Internet Dienst Provider, of aanvullende gegevens van een derde partij, kan informatie die alleen voor dit doel wordt opgeslagen of opgehaald gewoonlijk niet worden gebruikt om je te identificeren.
Marketing
De technische opslag of toegang is nodig om gebruikersprofielen op te stellen voor het verzenden van reclame, of om de gebruiker op een site of over verschillende sites te volgen voor soortgelijke marketingdoeleinden.